Rage

Unlike a standard deck of playing cards, there are 54, not 52, cards in the Rage Frenzy deck.
Overview:
(Heads Up)
Make sure you complete all Outrigger assignments before going to Wellspring; including the Mutant Alert assignment for Ramos Outrigger. The Reward for this assignment is missable: the Adrenaline Overdrive schematic.
Also, if you run back to your vehicle during this mission, after setting off the fireworks, you can score a few Mutant Roadkills as well.
Dead City first visit:
Bring a RC Car with you before venturing out on this quest. You don't want to miss out on the Large Mutant card (located in the area where the mutants throw firebrands at you.)
The Well:
Be certain you get The Mine and Valder's card, because these will be only be avaible for purchase after you leave.
Authority Prison:
One shot only. Acquire all cards on your first and only visit here, unless you'd rather buy them later.
Dead City second visit:
On your second visit ONLY to Dead City, The Drone will be available under the stairs leading down. The Large Mutant card will be not be there at this time!
Looks like previously missable cards will now be offered for sale, thanks to a recent update. If you'd prefer to get them all on one playthrough, without purchasing them, pay close attention to the cards and areas now labeled "(no longer missable)".
Thanks to all those who contributed to this guide.
Complete Chronological List:
Hagar Settlement
1. Dan Hagar
2. Grenade
3. Loosum Hagar

Ghost Hideout
4. Ghost Bonestick
5. Ghost Boss

Outrigger Settlement
6. Janus (no longer missable)

Radio Walkway
7. Sentry Turret
Radio Tower
8. Rikter
Make sure you talk to Ramos Outrigger and do the Mutant Alert mission BEFORE Wellspring

Wasted Garage
9. Wasted Club
10. Wasted Pistol
11. Wasted Turret

Wasteland
12. Dagger Thrower
Ghost Hideout Second Visit
13. Ghost Pistol (Requires Lock Grinder)

Hagar Settlement
Win Race
14. Dune Buster

Wellspring
Starter Deck
15. City Guard
16. Club Mutant
17. Jetter
18. Mayor Clayton
19. Sherriff Black
Wellspring
20. Sally

Wasteland
21. Crazy Joe

Mutant Bash TV
22. Scoop Mutant
23. J.K. Stiles

Wellsping
Qualify for Race
24. Cuprino

Shrouded Bunker
25. RC Bomb Car
26. Shrouded AR
27. Shrouded Heavy

Feltrite Crater
28. Shrouded Minigun

Kvasir Lab (outside)
29. Sentry Bot

Dead City Entrance
30. Enforcer
Dead City First Vist
Dead City Streets
31. Large Mutant (Requires RC Bomb Car) (no longer missable)
32. Kraken
Dead City Central
33. Slime Mutant

The Well
34. Mine
35. Valder

Authority Prison (no longer missable)
36. Power Supply
37. Giant Mutant
38. EMP Grenades
39. Drop Ship
40. Captain Marshall (Requires Lock Grinder)
41. Shield Guard

Wellspring
42. Elizabeth

Dead City (Second Visit)
43. Drone (no longer missable)

Disc 2
Subway Town
Resistance Base
44. Authority Mutant
Blue Line Station
45. Dyno-Mutant (Requires EMP Grenade)

Gearhead Vault
46. Advanced Sentry Bot
47. Gearhead Shotgun
48. Gearhead Jet

Power Plant Entrance
49. Monarch
Power Plant
50. Gearhead Boss

Dietrich
Abandoned Distillery
Regenerative Infusion Schematic
51. Portman

Jackal Canyon
52. Jackal Crossbow
53. Jackal Club

Authority Bridge
54. Elite Guard

All credit goes to PowerPyx for the following comprehensive video guide.
I found this video to be exceptionally useful, with all the cards in chronological order.

Compiled with the help of http://gamenac.com/rage/collectible-playing-cards as I haven't played through and confirmed as of yet

MISSABLES (there are apparently two sections with cards that you can't return to get, and one card that is only available during a certain quest)
in the Dead City Central and Dead City Streets areas, four cards
in the Authority Prison area, six cards
in The Well area, two cards
during the defibrillator upgrade quest is the only chance to get the Large Mutant card even though you can go back to Dead City streets afterwards, it will be gone

List: (you may not reach them in this exact order)
__Ghost Hideout__
01. Ghost Bonestick - on the first floor, near strung up corpse, on a wooden barrier
02. Ghost Boss - on the floor, under a table on the first floor near the Cube statue
03. Ghost Pistol - behind a locked door on the hideout’s first floor

__Hagar Settlement__
Dan Hagar - on the nightstand beside the bed in Dan’s Gas Station
05. HE Grenades - on top of a barrel next to Becky (when she stands outside)
06. Dune Buster - Reward for Durar’s timetrial (the guy who gives you your first car)
07. Loosum Hagar - on a rock near Dan's Garage

|__Outrigger Settlement__| CARDS IN THIS SECTION ARE MISSABLE
08. Janus Outrigger * MISSABLE - on the couch next to Janus
09. Rikter Outrigger - Near the ladder in the Radio Tower shack (you get sent there by the outriggers on a quest)

__Wasted Garage__
10. Wasted Club - on the floor of the dead end staircase on the third floor
11. Wasted Pistol - in a box under the second floor stairs (after walking down them)
12. Wasted Turret - near the Piston Assembly in a knocked over box on a shelf, after the Boss

__Starter Deck__ - Picked up in Wellspring for $50
13. City Guard
14. Club Mutant
15. Jetter
16. Mayor Clayton
17. Sherriff Black

__Wellspring__
18. Sally - quest reward, Sally asks you to kill some bandit vehicles
19. Cupino - Reward for winning the Cupino (unlocking a car, main questline)
Elizabeth - On the stairs where you meet Captain Marshall and Elizabeth in the Second Chance Bar

__Mutant Bash TV__
21. JK Stiles - Reward for completing an episode of Mutant Bash TV
22. Scoop Mutant - on a crate on the left side of the corridor, after surviving the last phase of Mutant Bash TV

__Wasteland___ - these aren't all that close to one another, since the wasteland spans most of the game
23. Crazy Joe - on the workbench in Crazy Joe’s shack
24. Sentry Bot - near a rock next to the Stanley Express Mailbox, before heading across thebridge to Dr. Kvasir’s lab
Dagger Thrower - in the Dam, near the Wasted Garage exit; reach the Dam facility along the small path above the exit
Elite Guard - behind some boxes on the Authority Bridge
Enforcer - on the ground near the pipe enterance to Dead City
Monarch - near the entrance to the Power Plant
Portman - on the right side of the cave before entering the Abandoned Distillary
Sentry Turret - on a chair in the dead end room of the concrete building, near the Wasted Garage and Radio Tower
Shrouded Minigun- in the blue shipping container, after the Feltrite Refinery

__Gearhead Vault__
Adv. Sentry Bot - In the backseat of a car near the exit in the parking garage
Gearhead Jet - In the office after leaving the vault and heading up the curved staircase
Gearhead Shotgun- On the planter to the right, in the bank lobby

__Power Plant__
Gearhead Boss - In a filing cabinet in the office above the control room

__Subway Town__
Authority Mutant- Beside the dead mutant in Elizabeth’s lab, in the Resistance Base

__Blue Line Station__
Dyno-Mutant - During the Eviction Notice job, on the second floor of the Guacamolito restaurant

__Jackal Canyon__
Jackal Club - In the shack where you open the gate to enter the canyon
Jackal Crossbow - In a small alcove to the left, after entering the canyon, near some Dynomite Bolts and Beer Bottles

|__Dead City Streets__| CARDS IN THIS SECTION ARE MISSABLE
Large Mutant * MISSABLE - Requires RC Car: Enter the supply room through the drain pipe close to where you fought the launcher mutant and blow up the barricade to open the door
Kraken - on the floor, in the blood filled alcove where thetentacle mutant spawned

|__Dead City Central__| CARDS IN THIS SECTION ARE MISSABLE
Drone * MISSABLE - On the coffee table in thehospital lobby, under the escalator – available on your second trip
Slime Mutant - On a table near the shop in the mall where you enter by exploding the gas tanks

__Shrouded bunker__
RC Bomb Car - Above the RC Bomb Car’s hole, near the bunker’s entrance
Shrouded AR - On a shelf near the elevator, after the atrium fight
Shrouded Heavy - in a pipe above the top floor of the workshop beside the second bomb cache

|__THE WELL__| CARDS IN THIS SECTION ARE MISSABLE
Drop Mine * MISSABLE - After the long passage with the concrete pillars, there’s a ladder on your left that leads to some supplies
Valder * MISSABLE - While Valder is attempting to open the gate to the final area, go down the dead end tunnel

|__AUTHORITY PRISON__| CARDS IN THIS SECTION ARE MISSABLE
Power Supply * MISSABLE - On a shelf beside a Hardware Packet, after disabling the first generator and passing through the security barrier
Giant Mutant * MISSABLE - Through the hole in the corridor’s left side wall, before reaching the first security turret
EMP Grenade * MISSABLE - After the fight in Cellblock E, head up the stairs and find this on the shelf to your right, in the corner
Drop Ship * MISSABLE - inside the crate that Captain Marshall pulls his rifle out of, after you rescue him
Captain Marshall* MISSABLE - In a closet behind a locked door after breaking Captain Marshall out
Shield Guard * MISSABLE - After splitting up from Captain Marshall and before exiting the prison, in a closet room on theright side of the corridor

Here is my own Videoguide. You see the Playing Card and then the Location incl Counter of Progress.

Important! Some Cards are missable and some Location "closed" after the First Visit (the Authority Prison, The Well and Outrigger Settlement), its IMPORTANT you must the Cards collect on your First Visit in this Locations!

Read the Description on Youtube for all linked Cards!

My Version is German but is totally egaly, you see ALL Cards!

If you have a Question, ask me in the Comments

Regards

Below you will find the link for Rage wiki ,that contains all the 54 cards with pictures , how to find them , the location and the exact spot!

http://rage.wikia.com/wiki/Collector_Cards

It was really helpful !

NOTE: Do not forget that you have only one chance in authority prison! And Dead city you will only visit it twice but some cards are only obtainable through the first visit!!

Good luck,

For those who missed the Janus Outrigger card and the gate is locked, it is possible to get behind the gate.

Credit to ZMasterz12 for the video.

This is what i did

1.Drive the ATV over to the settlement and run up the dirt "ramp" on right side of the fence.

2.Boost up the ramp and hit the rocks. It will fling you off but when you spawn it will be near or on the fence. You will know because you will fall right of back on the ground when you move.

3.Keep pressing towards the settlement and gate and jumping. I just kept running and jumping, mainly near the post by the gate holding forward. It may happen on your first try or after multiple attempts. Eventually you will push through the softwall. Be sure to save if you happen to be on the fence as you can just load if you fall off.

4.Once in, head up the stairs and get the card off the couch and just call a tow to get out of there.

Only video I found of it

Hey everyone,
I got some good news for those who missed cards in Dead City, Authority Prison, The Well, Outrigger Settlement! You can just buy the cards from either Halek (Hagar Settlement), Outfitters (Wellspring) or Jani (Subway Town). The price is a bit expensive (around $1000 each card) but it's a good way to clean this achievement up even if you missed one. You do not need the DLC for this since my friend (XBOXNICKB) missed a card in The Well without having the DLC installed and could still buy it.

Have a good day!