Stardew Valley

You will get your first bamboo fishing pole for free from Willy (it costs 500gold at his beach shop).

How to fish:
Face water with the pole selected, hold to start casting and then release at desired distance. When you get something to bite press to start the mini-game.
The goal here is to keep the fish inside the green bar. You control it by tapping or holding . Same as with farming and mining etc, this is a skill you level up.
Be aware some fish are harder then others to catch.

Depending on time of year/day and location you fish at, you will get different fish to bite.
This achievement will pop well within the first year for most players.

Below is more detailed info thanks to idigitaltimes.com.
Link: http://www.idigitaltimes.com/stardew-valley-fishing-guide-ho...

Beach
Spring
Anchovies – 24/7
Eel – Early Afternoon or Night, when raining
Halibut – 24/7
Herring – 24/7

Summer
Crimsonfish (Legendary) - 6:00 a.m. to 10:00 p.m.
Halibut – 24/7
Octopus – Morning
Pufferfish – Early Afternoon, when sunny
Red Mullet – 24/7
Red Snapper – All Day, when raining
Super Cucumber – Night
Tilapia – All Day
Tuna – 24/7

Fall
Albacore – Morning or Night
Anchovies – 24/7
Red Snapper – All Day, when snowing
Sea Cucumber – 24/7
Super Cucumber - Night

Winter
Albacore – Morning or Night
Halibut – 24/7
Herring – 24/7
Red Mullet – All Day
Sea Cucumber – 24/7
Squid - Night
Tuna – All Day

All Year
Green Algae – 24/7
Sardines – All Day
Seaweed – 24/7
Trash – 24/7

Ponds
Spring
Catfish – 24/7, when raining
Legend - 6:00 a.m. to 10:00 p.m., in the lake near Marnie's Ranch

Summer
Pike – 24/7

Fall
Catfish – 24/7, when raining
Angler (Legendary) - 24/7, in pond north of Joja Mart

Winter
Catfish – 24/7, when snowing
Perch – 24/7
Pike – 24/7

All Year
Carp – 24/7
Chub – 24/7
Periwinkle – 24/7 (Crab Pot)
Snail – 24/7 (Crab Pot)

River
Spring
Catfish – 24/7, when raining
Shad– All Day, when raining
Smallmouth Bass – 24/7
Sunfish – All Day, when sunny

Summer
Dorado – All Day
Rainbow Trout – All Day, when sunny
Shad – All Day, when raining
Sunfish – All Day, when sunny

Fall
Catfish – 24/7, when raining
Lingcod – 24/7
Salmon – All Day
Shad – All Day, when raining
Smallmouth Bass – 24/7
Tiger Trout – Early Morning or Early Afternoon
Walleye – Afternoon or Night, when raining

Winter
Catfish – 24/7, when snowing
Chub - Day
Lingcod – 24/7
Perch – Day or Night
Pike – Day or Night
Tiger Trout – Early Morning or Early Afternoon
Walleye – Afternoon or Night, when snowing

All Year
Bream – Night

Other Spots

Arrowhead Island
Glacierfish (Legendary) - 6:00 a.m to 10:00 p.m., only during Winter

Desert
Sandfish - Between 6:00 a.m. and 10:00 p.m; year-round
Scorpion Carp - Between 6:00 a.m. and 10:00 p.m; year-round

Forest Pond
Carp - 24/7, year-round
Catfish - Mornings during Spring and Fall
Walleye - Afternoon and Night during Fall
Woodskip - 24/7, year-round

The Mines
Ghostfish – Floors 20, 60 and 100; 24/7, year-round
Ice Pip – Floor 60; 24/7, year-round
Lava Eel – Floor 100; 24/7, year-round
Stone Fish – Floor 20; 24/7, year-round
Sturgeon – Mine Lake; All Day, Summer and Winter only

Sewers
Mutant Carp (Legendary) - 24/7, year-round