The Sims 4

To start with I would suggest entering the commands to enable certain traits, this can be done by pressing RT,LT,RB & LB at the same time then entering in the following:

Traits.equip_trait SteelBladder
Traits.equip_trait ForeverFull
Traits.equip_trait ForeverFresh
Traits.equip_trait NeverWeary
Traits.equip_trait NeedsNoOne
Traits.equip_trait Savant

These don't disable achievements, so I would highly recommend them.

The Athlete career requires 2 skills, fitness and charisma. Now you could power train them before you start work or just train up in between your work shifts, entirely up to you.

You will need a mirror for charisma and a piece of fitness equipment such as a treadmill.

For each promotion their will be a skill level requirement and also a daily task to improve your job performance. To start with these daily task will just be to work out. Once you have gained a few promotions though there will be a choice to become a bodybuilder or career athlete.

The bodybuilder daily tasks are to mentor fitness, which requires you click on another sim who is working out and selecting the mentor option. This can be annoying if you have a small household, where other sims might be at work etc. I would not recommend this option.

The career athlete daily tasks are a lot simpler and less time consuming, these are to study opponents by using a computer. Much easier =)

Optionally I found having sims energized and focused helped with job promotions, so drink some coffee and play a bit of chess before going to work if you wish.

Once you have gained the final promotion you will gain the achievement.

As a side note, in regards to any Sims 4 achievements not unlocking, I have found a solution that I had to use a few times. To unlock anything follow the steps below:

Remove profile from Xbox.
Reset Xbox via settings.
Download profile.
Load up the save in which you have earned the achievement but it has not unlocked.
It should pop before it finishes loading.